Amateur Radio Wiki - User contributions [en]

Operating procedures

2010-11-07T20:17:50Z

KC2YZK: Rounding out the text a bit /* Passband Tuning */

Use this page to explain what various functions of a transceiver are and how to use them.

= Buttons and knobs =

A ham radio has usually zillions of buttons and knobs and dials on its front panel. To the neophyte, those just look very confusing and unhelpful. This aims to clarify this [[jargon]] for you.

==AF gain==

"Audio Frequency Gain". Simply the volume control - like the one at your everyday BC radio.

==RF gain==

"Radio Frequency Gain". Controls the amount of pre-amplification in the RX before the first if stage is reached. In some radios, if this is zero, almost no signal will reach the speakers and you will not able to hear anything. The idea here is that the signals you receive on your antenna can be very weak and must be hugely amplified to hear far away stations.

It is very useful in [[QRN]] (natural interference) and other noisy conditions where otherwise SSB stations become unreadable. Take the RF gain back and have a [[QSO]] (conversation) that would be impossible with full gain.

Some rigs have also a switchable additional RF gain button, that sometimes has also an attenuation function. This in effect just widens the margin of the overall RF gain.

==Squelch==

Squelch is used to silence the loudspeaker when no signal is present the frequency of operation. In ham radio this will suppress the general static that remains present on most bands and is heard during breaks in the distant station's transmission. Squelch will not remove noise received simultaneously with valid signal; that may only be done with directional [[antenna]]s (to block interference from other directions) or filters (to block specific frequencies).

At its most basic level, squelch opens the loudspeaker when any signal is present. Another one of the several forms of squelch used in ham radios, [[CTCSS]], requires that a specific tone be present in a received signal - reducing the probability of a [[repeater]] system being triggered by random noise, by adjacent-channel interference or by co-channel interference from DX stations intending to access another repeater on the same frequency in another city.

==Passband Tuning==

Passband tuning manipulates the tuning circuitry of the receiver.
* If the filter is made narrower, it allows "close together" signals to be separated - one is rejected by the filter, one is allowed to pass through. This is kind of like the equalizer on a music stereo system---you can turn the bass and treble down to hear the mids more clearly. Narrowing the passband is the best way to pick out narrow band signals (like CW and narrow band digimodes) from a noisy band.
* If the filter is set to be wider, the listener can hear signals further away from the center frequency. Imagine listening to commercial radio on AM 790. If you have a tuning circuit that has a wide passband, you could simultaneously listen to AM 760, AM 830, etc. This can be useful when you are scanning around looking for a station.
It is similar to IF shift (Intermediate Frequency shift), where the IF of the transceiver is shifted slightly to tune in slightly off frequency signals.

External link [http://www2.arrl.org/qst/2005/04/passband.pdf from QST]

==RIT==

'''RIT''' : Receiver Incremental Tuning, '''R'''eceive '''I'''ndependant of '''T'''ransmit is the ability to shift the receive frequency of a transceiver away from the transmit frequency by a small amount. Used in SSB transmissions, it was very useful in older rigs that had frequency stability problems. RIT can also be used to deliberately transmit and receive on different fequencies. This is known as "working split", with the difference in frequencies usually 3khz to 10Khz.

==Roofing Filters==

A '''roofing filter''' is used in an HF receiver and us usually found after the first receiver mixer. It's purpose is to reduce the passband of the first IF (first [[Intermediate Frequency | intermediate frequency]]) to between 6kHz and 20KHz. This in turn reduces distortion in any amplifier and mixer circuits.

Roofing filters are usually usually crystal types because of the steeper filtering curve that they produce.

Roofing filters can be much narrower than 20kHz when listening to very weak [[CW]] signals. In this case the filter may have a bandpass of as low as 250Hz. This also requires that the first IF in the receiver is below [[VHF]], perhaps as low as 9MHz.

See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofing_filter the regular Wikipedia]

==XIT==

Similar to RIT above, but the transmit frequency is changed while the receive frequency is that shown on the frequency display.

= On the air procedures =

Once you have tuned your station, you can start trying to make contact, that is transmitting.

== Before making your first contact ==

This will be routine to regular ham operators, but it should prove useful for newcomers.

# Study the [[band plans]] and [[propagation]] conditions again that allow you (or not) to operate on which frequencies.
# Review the [[jargon]] (e.g. Q signals and phonetic alphabet) to understand what can be said or how to say it!

== Making contact ==

Here's a quick reminder of the basic steps to take to make contact:

# Tune your station to that frequency. That may mean adjusting your antenna switcher/tuner, tuning your radio to the desired frequency, etc. See above.
# Listen for a little to see if the frequency is in use.
# Start transmitting

Those procedures are the '''basics'''. "Transmitting" can vary a lot according to what band you're on, so we have detailed explicit procedures for those two broad categories.

=== Channelized (VHF/UHF) operation ===

# Tune your radio to the channel you agreed on
# Turn off the offset (unless you are operating on a [[repeater]] for which specific procedures exist)
# Listen to see if the frequency is in use
# Key the microphone and announce your call sign and the callsign of the person you're trying to reach:

VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK

# The receiving party would answer:

VA2ANK, VA2HGQ

Congratulations, you have made contact! You can now talk on the channel, according to local [[regulations]] of course. For example, Canadian regulations require you to announce your call sign '''every thirty minutes''' and '''at the beginning and end of every contact'''.

If you can't make contact, you can wait on the channel and announce it as such:

VA2ANK is monitoring

... or ''listening''.

Once you are done, you can wrap up with this:

Okay hugo, talk to you later. VA2HGQ, VA2ANK clear.

=== HF operation ===

While VHF and UHF have the luxury of channelized operation and repeaters, the [[HF]] band is much wilder: you will need much more practice to tune your receiver to understand the other correctly. So while [[HF]] give you much longer range (worldwide instead of citywide), it comes at the price of convenience. But you gain incredible freedom and power.

Here, you are not limited to specific channels and can tune your frequency on the kilohertz, depending on the radio capabilities of course.

Interference is common: [[QRN|natural]], [[QRM|man-made]] are the usual occurrence, and in fact an interfering station may not even be able to hear you sometimes.

We distinguish between two main modes on HF: phone or cw modes.

==== "Phone" or voice operations ====

Phone operations can happen on any band but 30 meters in most places, but you should be careful to respect the informal agreements of band allocations. See the [[bands]] page for more information there. For popular DX frequencies, you should look into 3.775 to 3.800MHz, 7.075 to 7.100 Mhz and 14.175 to 14.225Mhz.

# Tune your radio to the desired frequency
# Listen in on the frequency before transmitting
# Ask if the frequency is in use, by saying:
Is this frequency in use VA2ANK
# If the frequency is not in use, make a [[CQ]] call:
CQ CQ CQ This is VA2ANK VA2ANK VA2ANK over
# If you are heard, your contact may respond with:
VA2ANK this is VA2HGQ VA2HGQ VA2HGQ over
# If you hear that, you can start your conversation, usually with technical details about the quality of the signal, your location, the weather, etc
VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK thanks for the call. You are 59 here in Montreal and it's a beautiful sunny day outside. The name is Antoine, how do you copy? VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Then you can have your conversation. If the contact is barely audible, you should fall back on the use of phonetics. Example:

VA2HGQ, this is Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo, I say again Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo. Name here is Antoine, I spell Alpha November Tango Oscar India November Echo. So how do you copy? Back to you. VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Reminders:

# LSB on 160, 80 and 40m bands
# USB on 20, 15 and 10m bands
# No phone on 30m (because of the 1Khz bandwidth limit)

==== CW operations ====

{{stub}}

= See also =

* [[Apparatus]]

{{operation}}

Operating procedures

2010-11-07T19:59:01Z

KC2YZK: Expanding Acronym /* RF gain */

Use this page to explain what various functions of a transceiver are and how to use them.

= Buttons and knobs =

A ham radio has usually zillions of buttons and knobs and dials on its front panel. To the neophyte, those just look very confusing and unhelpful. This aims to clarify this [[jargon]] for you.

==AF gain==

"Audio Frequency Gain". Simply the volume control - like the one at your everyday BC radio.

==RF gain==

"Radio Frequency Gain". Controls the amount of pre-amplification in the RX before the first if stage is reached. In some radios, if this is zero, almost no signal will reach the speakers and you will not able to hear anything. The idea here is that the signals you receive on your antenna can be very weak and must be hugely amplified to hear far away stations.

It is very useful in [[QRN]] (natural interference) and other noisy conditions where otherwise SSB stations become unreadable. Take the RF gain back and have a [[QSO]] (conversation) that would be impossible with full gain.

Some rigs have also a switchable additional RF gain button, that sometimes has also an attenuation function. This in effect just widens the margin of the overall RF gain.

==Squelch==

Squelch is used to silence the loudspeaker when no signal is present the frequency of operation. In ham radio this will suppress the general static that remains present on most bands and is heard during breaks in the distant station's transmission. Squelch will not remove noise received simultaneously with valid signal; that may only be done with directional [[antenna]]s (to block interference from other directions) or filters (to block specific frequencies).

At its most basic level, squelch opens the loudspeaker when any signal is present. Another one of the several forms of squelch used in ham radios, [[CTCSS]], requires that a specific tone be present in a received signal - reducing the probability of a [[repeater]] system being triggered by random noise, by adjacent-channel interference or by co-channel interference from DX stations intending to access another repeater on the same frequency in another city.

==Passband Tuning==

Passband tuning manipulates the tuning circuitry of the transceiver, allowing "close together" signals to be separated - one is rejected by the filter, one is allowed to pass through. It is similar to IF shift, where the IF of the transceiver is shifted slightly to tune in slightly off frequency signals.

Passband tuning and IF shift are used because simply narrowing down the passband would produce muffling of any audio signals. Narrowing down the passband is however the best way to pick out narrow band signals (like CW and narrow band digimodes) from a noisy band.

External link [http://www2.arrl.org/qst/2005/04/passband.pdf from QST]

==RIT==

'''RIT''' : Receiver Incremental Tuning, '''R'''eceive '''I'''ndependant of '''T'''ransmit is the ability to shift the receive frequency of a transceiver away from the transmit frequency by a small amount. Used in SSB transmissions, it was very useful in older rigs that had frequency stability problems. RIT can also be used to deliberately transmit and receive on different fequencies. This is known as "working split", with the difference in frequencies usually 3khz to 10Khz.

==Roofing Filters==

A '''roofing filter''' is used in an HF receiver and us usually found after the first receiver mixer. It's purpose is to reduce the passband of the first IF (first [[Intermediate Frequency | intermediate frequency]]) to between 6kHz and 20KHz. This in turn reduces distortion in any amplifier and mixer circuits.

Roofing filters are usually usually crystal types because of the steeper filtering curve that they produce.

Roofing filters can be much narrower than 20kHz when listening to very weak [[CW]] signals. In this case the filter may have a bandpass of as low as 250Hz. This also requires that the first IF in the receiver is below [[VHF]], perhaps as low as 9MHz.

See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofing_filter the regular Wikipedia]

==XIT==

Similar to RIT above, but the transmit frequency is changed while the receive frequency is that shown on the frequency display.

= On the air procedures =

Once you have tuned your station, you can start trying to make contact, that is transmitting.

== Before making your first contact ==

This will be routine to regular ham operators, but it should prove useful for newcomers.

# Study the [[band plans]] and [[propagation]] conditions again that allow you (or not) to operate on which frequencies.
# Review the [[jargon]] (e.g. Q signals and phonetic alphabet) to understand what can be said or how to say it!

== Making contact ==

Here's a quick reminder of the basic steps to take to make contact:

# Tune your station to that frequency. That may mean adjusting your antenna switcher/tuner, tuning your radio to the desired frequency, etc. See above.
# Listen for a little to see if the frequency is in use.
# Start transmitting

Those procedures are the '''basics'''. "Transmitting" can vary a lot according to what band you're on, so we have detailed explicit procedures for those two broad categories.

=== Channelized (VHF/UHF) operation ===

# Tune your radio to the channel you agreed on
# Turn off the offset (unless you are operating on a [[repeater]] for which specific procedures exist)
# Listen to see if the frequency is in use
# Key the microphone and announce your call sign and the callsign of the person you're trying to reach:

VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK

# The receiving party would answer:

VA2ANK, VA2HGQ

Congratulations, you have made contact! You can now talk on the channel, according to local [[regulations]] of course. For example, Canadian regulations require you to announce your call sign '''every thirty minutes''' and '''at the beginning and end of every contact'''.

If you can't make contact, you can wait on the channel and announce it as such:

VA2ANK is monitoring

... or ''listening''.

Once you are done, you can wrap up with this:

Okay hugo, talk to you later. VA2HGQ, VA2ANK clear.

=== HF operation ===

While VHF and UHF have the luxury of channelized operation and repeaters, the [[HF]] band is much wilder: you will need much more practice to tune your receiver to understand the other correctly. So while [[HF]] give you much longer range (worldwide instead of citywide), it comes at the price of convenience. But you gain incredible freedom and power.

Here, you are not limited to specific channels and can tune your frequency on the kilohertz, depending on the radio capabilities of course.

Interference is common: [[QRN|natural]], [[QRM|man-made]] are the usual occurrence, and in fact an interfering station may not even be able to hear you sometimes.

We distinguish between two main modes on HF: phone or cw modes.

==== "Phone" or voice operations ====

Phone operations can happen on any band but 30 meters in most places, but you should be careful to respect the informal agreements of band allocations. See the [[bands]] page for more information there. For popular DX frequencies, you should look into 3.775 to 3.800MHz, 7.075 to 7.100 Mhz and 14.175 to 14.225Mhz.

# Tune your radio to the desired frequency
# Listen in on the frequency before transmitting
# Ask if the frequency is in use, by saying:
Is this frequency in use VA2ANK
# If the frequency is not in use, make a [[CQ]] call:
CQ CQ CQ This is VA2ANK VA2ANK VA2ANK over
# If you are heard, your contact may respond with:
VA2ANK this is VA2HGQ VA2HGQ VA2HGQ over
# If you hear that, you can start your conversation, usually with technical details about the quality of the signal, your location, the weather, etc
VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK thanks for the call. You are 59 here in Montreal and it's a beautiful sunny day outside. The name is Antoine, how do you copy? VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Then you can have your conversation. If the contact is barely audible, you should fall back on the use of phonetics. Example:

VA2HGQ, this is Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo, I say again Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo. Name here is Antoine, I spell Alpha November Tango Oscar India November Echo. So how do you copy? Back to you. VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Reminders:

# LSB on 160, 80 and 40m bands
# USB on 20, 15 and 10m bands
# No phone on 30m (because of the 1Khz bandwidth limit)

==== CW operations ====

{{stub}}

= See also =

* [[Apparatus]]

{{operation}}

Operating procedures

2010-11-07T19:58:42Z

KC2YZK: Expanding acronym /* AF gain */

Use this page to explain what various functions of a transceiver are and how to use them.

= Buttons and knobs =

A ham radio has usually zillions of buttons and knobs and dials on its front panel. To the neophyte, those just look very confusing and unhelpful. This aims to clarify this [[jargon]] for you.

==AF gain==

"Audio Frequency Gain". Simply the volume control - like the one at your everyday BC radio.

==RF gain==

Controls the amount of pre-amplification in the RX before the first if stage is reached. In some radios, if this is zero, almost no signal will reach the speakers and you will not able to hear anything. The idea here is that the signals you receive on your antenna can be very weak and must be hugely amplified to hear far away stations.

It is very useful in [[QRN]] (natural interference) and other noisy conditions where otherwise SSB stations become unreadable. Take the RF gain back and have a [[QSO]] (conversation) that would be impossible with full gain.

Some rigs have also a switchable additional RF gain button, that sometimes has also an attenuation function. This in effect just widens the margin of the overall RF gain.

==Squelch==

Squelch is used to silence the loudspeaker when no signal is present the frequency of operation. In ham radio this will suppress the general static that remains present on most bands and is heard during breaks in the distant station's transmission. Squelch will not remove noise received simultaneously with valid signal; that may only be done with directional [[antenna]]s (to block interference from other directions) or filters (to block specific frequencies).

At its most basic level, squelch opens the loudspeaker when any signal is present. Another one of the several forms of squelch used in ham radios, [[CTCSS]], requires that a specific tone be present in a received signal - reducing the probability of a [[repeater]] system being triggered by random noise, by adjacent-channel interference or by co-channel interference from DX stations intending to access another repeater on the same frequency in another city.

==Passband Tuning==

Passband tuning manipulates the tuning circuitry of the transceiver, allowing "close together" signals to be separated - one is rejected by the filter, one is allowed to pass through. It is similar to IF shift, where the IF of the transceiver is shifted slightly to tune in slightly off frequency signals.

Passband tuning and IF shift are used because simply narrowing down the passband would produce muffling of any audio signals. Narrowing down the passband is however the best way to pick out narrow band signals (like CW and narrow band digimodes) from a noisy band.

External link [http://www2.arrl.org/qst/2005/04/passband.pdf from QST]

==RIT==

'''RIT''' : Receiver Incremental Tuning, '''R'''eceive '''I'''ndependant of '''T'''ransmit is the ability to shift the receive frequency of a transceiver away from the transmit frequency by a small amount. Used in SSB transmissions, it was very useful in older rigs that had frequency stability problems. RIT can also be used to deliberately transmit and receive on different fequencies. This is known as "working split", with the difference in frequencies usually 3khz to 10Khz.

==Roofing Filters==

A '''roofing filter''' is used in an HF receiver and us usually found after the first receiver mixer. It's purpose is to reduce the passband of the first IF (first [[Intermediate Frequency | intermediate frequency]]) to between 6kHz and 20KHz. This in turn reduces distortion in any amplifier and mixer circuits.

Roofing filters are usually usually crystal types because of the steeper filtering curve that they produce.

Roofing filters can be much narrower than 20kHz when listening to very weak [[CW]] signals. In this case the filter may have a bandpass of as low as 250Hz. This also requires that the first IF in the receiver is below [[VHF]], perhaps as low as 9MHz.

See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofing_filter the regular Wikipedia]

==XIT==

Similar to RIT above, but the transmit frequency is changed while the receive frequency is that shown on the frequency display.

= On the air procedures =

Once you have tuned your station, you can start trying to make contact, that is transmitting.

== Before making your first contact ==

This will be routine to regular ham operators, but it should prove useful for newcomers.

# Study the [[band plans]] and [[propagation]] conditions again that allow you (or not) to operate on which frequencies.
# Review the [[jargon]] (e.g. Q signals and phonetic alphabet) to understand what can be said or how to say it!

== Making contact ==

Here's a quick reminder of the basic steps to take to make contact:

# Tune your station to that frequency. That may mean adjusting your antenna switcher/tuner, tuning your radio to the desired frequency, etc. See above.
# Listen for a little to see if the frequency is in use.
# Start transmitting

Those procedures are the '''basics'''. "Transmitting" can vary a lot according to what band you're on, so we have detailed explicit procedures for those two broad categories.

=== Channelized (VHF/UHF) operation ===

# Tune your radio to the channel you agreed on
# Turn off the offset (unless you are operating on a [[repeater]] for which specific procedures exist)
# Listen to see if the frequency is in use
# Key the microphone and announce your call sign and the callsign of the person you're trying to reach:

VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK

# The receiving party would answer:

VA2ANK, VA2HGQ

Congratulations, you have made contact! You can now talk on the channel, according to local [[regulations]] of course. For example, Canadian regulations require you to announce your call sign '''every thirty minutes''' and '''at the beginning and end of every contact'''.

If you can't make contact, you can wait on the channel and announce it as such:

VA2ANK is monitoring

... or ''listening''.

Once you are done, you can wrap up with this:

Okay hugo, talk to you later. VA2HGQ, VA2ANK clear.

=== HF operation ===

While VHF and UHF have the luxury of channelized operation and repeaters, the [[HF]] band is much wilder: you will need much more practice to tune your receiver to understand the other correctly. So while [[HF]] give you much longer range (worldwide instead of citywide), it comes at the price of convenience. But you gain incredible freedom and power.

Here, you are not limited to specific channels and can tune your frequency on the kilohertz, depending on the radio capabilities of course.

Interference is common: [[QRN|natural]], [[QRM|man-made]] are the usual occurrence, and in fact an interfering station may not even be able to hear you sometimes.

We distinguish between two main modes on HF: phone or cw modes.

==== "Phone" or voice operations ====

Phone operations can happen on any band but 30 meters in most places, but you should be careful to respect the informal agreements of band allocations. See the [[bands]] page for more information there. For popular DX frequencies, you should look into 3.775 to 3.800MHz, 7.075 to 7.100 Mhz and 14.175 to 14.225Mhz.

# Tune your radio to the desired frequency
# Listen in on the frequency before transmitting
# Ask if the frequency is in use, by saying:
Is this frequency in use VA2ANK
# If the frequency is not in use, make a [[CQ]] call:
CQ CQ CQ This is VA2ANK VA2ANK VA2ANK over
# If you are heard, your contact may respond with:
VA2ANK this is VA2HGQ VA2HGQ VA2HGQ over
# If you hear that, you can start your conversation, usually with technical details about the quality of the signal, your location, the weather, etc
VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK thanks for the call. You are 59 here in Montreal and it's a beautiful sunny day outside. The name is Antoine, how do you copy? VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Then you can have your conversation. If the contact is barely audible, you should fall back on the use of phonetics. Example:

VA2HGQ, this is Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo, I say again Victor Alpha Two Alpha November Kilo. Name here is Antoine, I spell Alpha November Tango Oscar India November Echo. So how do you copy? Back to you. VA2HGQ this is VA2ANK. Over.

Reminders:

# LSB on 160, 80 and 40m bands
# USB on 20, 15 and 10m bands
# No phone on 30m (because of the 1Khz bandwidth limit)

==== CW operations ====

{{stub}}

= See also =

* [[Apparatus]]

{{operation}}

What causes QRN?

2010-08-05T17:48:37Z

KC2YZK: ARRL breaks links for sport.

Related wiki pages [[Propagation]], [[BPL]]

Strictly speaking QRN means "noise from natural sources" as opposed to QRM which means "man-made noise". The abbreviation QRN is oftern used in in general terms to mean any noise that interferes with propagation or reception of transmissions.

==Sources of QRN==

1) [http://www.w8pgw.org/node/95 Snow Static] yes, snow static! The link provides some detail about this unusual phenomenon

2) Atmospheric noise. This originates in the atmosphere. Lightning creates RF noise over a wide range of frequencies (usually between 100 kHz to 20 MHz) that affects radio transmissions over hundreds of km. Auroral discharges over polar regions generally create noise at lower frequencies (below 0.1 MHz).

3) Geological activity. Increased RF noise has been recorded as a precursor to earthquakes, and near erupting volcanoes

4) Cosmic noise: This comes from a source outside the Earth's atmosphere. The sun produces noise that reaches a maximum at 11 year intervals (the so-called solar cycle). The planet Jupiter produces large amounts of RF noise in the 16 to 24 MHz range. Stars and galaxies also contribute to cosmic noise.

==External links==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050924150424/www.arrl.org/tis/info/HTML/rfi-noise/ ARRL noise identification site]

{{propagation}}