Microphones

Basic operation

A microphone converts sound into an electrical signal. Externally in its simplest form a microphone consists of a PTT (Press To Talk) button, a mouthpiece and a cable to connect it to the transceiver. More sophisticated microphones have extra "buttons" to achieve functions such as proramming, changing frequencies and channels and controlling tone genneration for modes such as IRLP and Echolink.

Internally all microphones have a transducer which converts sound energy into electrical energy. Most commonly, a thin membrane is used to capture sound energy by vibrating in response to sound waves striking it. The movement of the membrane is then used to generate an electric current.

Types of microphone

Condenser Microphones

Also known as Capacitor Microphones, these rely on the vibrations of the receiver membrane changing the capacitance between two plates, by altering the distance between them.

In DC Biasedcondenser microphone a nearly constant charge is maintained between the plates, with the voltage across the plates changing with distance between them. This voltage change is amplified for modulation of RF signals in the transceiver.

In RF condenser microphones, the bias voltage across the plates is controlled by by a low power fixed frequency oscillator. Capacitance changes when the diaphragm moves then modulate the amplitude of the oscillator.

Electret microphones are similar in some ways to the condenser microphones described above. The difference is in the way the constant charge is created across the capacitance plates. In the electret, the charge is maintained by a permanently charged ferromagnetic matrial

Dynamic Microphones

Also known as "dynamic coil" microphones, these operate by means of a coil attached to the diaphragm that moves within a magnetic field. This motion produces current changes in the coil.